某蓄电池厂铅污染土壤稳定化修复工程药剂筛选研究

依据某蓄电池厂土壤铅污染的基本情况,在修复工程实施前,开展了稳定化固化药剂的筛选试验。在试验过程中采用了石灰、水泥、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钙、磷酸氢钙、磷酸三钙、磷酸、磷肥等9 种药剂,分别进行了铅污染土壤稳定化试验。针对低浓度污染土壤,采用10%石灰、20%石灰、10%水泥、20%的水泥、10%的磷酸二氢钙、10%磷酸三钙、20%磷酸三钙、10%磷酸二氢铵、20%磷酸二氢铵和20%的磷酸可以达到修复目标。针对高浓度污染土壤,当添加20%的水泥、20%的磷酸氢钙、10%磷酸三钙、20%磷酸三钙、10%磷酸二氢铵、20%磷酸二氢铵、10%磷酸和20%磷酸可以达到修复目标。从修复成本考虑,建议采用水泥作为稳定化药剂,低浓度污染土壤的添加量为10%,高浓度污染土壤的添加量为20%。     

Use of water-treatment residue containing polysilicate-iron to stabilize arsenic in flooded soils and attenuate arsenic uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

A pot experiment was conducted to examine how soil amendment with water-treatment residue (WTR) containing polysilicate-iron affected dissolved arsenic (As) in flooded soils and As uptake by rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The WTR was applied at a rate of 0 (control), 5, 10 or 20 t ha^?1. Simple linear regression analyses showed significant negative relationships between the concentrations of dissolved As in soil solution and WTR application rates at all sampling times, probably due to adsorption of As onto ferrihydrite in the WTR. Compared to As concentrations in rice plants grown on control soil, the concentrations in plants grown on WTR-treated soils decreased by 20.1–41.6% in straw (stems and leaves), 19.8–31.7% in husk and 18.6–21.0% in grain. The regression analyses demonstrated that the concentration and content of As in rice are negatively correlated with WTR application rate. Total As content was 16.5–32.0% lower in rice shoots grown on WTR-treated soils than on control soil. The percentage of each As species in grain decreased in the following order: As(III) » dimethylarsinic acid » As(V). The application of WTR did not change the As speciation in grain. Silicon contents in shoot significantly increased with application of WTR, indicating the potency of WTR as a silicate fertilizer. Taken together, our results indicate that WTR containing polysilicate-iron promises to be a practical amendment for stabilizing As and attenuating As uptake by rice plants.     

Improving soil organic carbon pools through inclusion of summer mungbean in cereal-cereal cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plain

Long-term effect of mungbean inclusion in lowland rice-wheat and upland maize-wheat systems on soil carbon (C) pools, particulate organic C (POC), and C-stabilization was envisaged in organic, inorganic and without nutrient management practices. In both lowland and upland systems, mungbean inclusion increased very-labile C (Cfrac₁) and labile C (Cfrac₂) in surface soil (0–0.2 m). Mungbean inclusion in cereal-cereal cropping systems improved POC, being higher in lowland (107.4%). Lowland rice-based system had higher passive C-pool (11.1 Mg C ha^?1) over upland maize-based system (6.6 Mg C ha^?1) indicating that rice ecology facilitates the stabilization of passive C-pool, which has longer persistence in soil. Organic nutrient management (farmyard manure + full crop residue + biofertilizers) increased Cfrac₁ and carbon management index (CMI) over inorganic treatment. In surface soil, higher CMI values were evident in mungbean included cropping systems in both lowland and upland conditions. Mungbean inclusion increased grain yield of cereal crops, and yield improvement followed the order of maize (23.7–31.3%) > rice (16.9–27.0%) > wheat (lowland 7.0–10.7%; upland 5.4–16.6%). Thus, the inclusion of summer mungbean in cereal-cereal cropping systems could be a long-term strategy to enrich soil organic C and to ensure sustainability of cereal-cereal cropping systems.     

An integrative approach of organic matter stabilization in temperate soils: Linking chemistry,physics, and biology

With this topical issue, we present the work of the Priority Program 1090 of the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG”): “Soils as a source and sink for CO₂ – mechanisms and regulation of organic matter stabilisation in soils”. This introduction gives an overview on the sites investigated and the major research approaches, including a glossary of major terms used in the field of soil organic matter research. We point out the advantages of integration of data from a broad field of different soil‐science disciplines and the progress achieved by application and combination of new analytical methods describing the quality and turnover of soil organic matter.     

水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料固化铅污染土的浸出和力学特性

水泥是铅污染土固稳修复常用的固化剂,在修复重度铅污染土时效果较差。而过磷酸钙在稳定铅污染土方面具有溶出风险低、长期稳定性好和环境安全性高的优点。为了研究水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料固化后铅污染土的浸出和力学特性,采用水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理,通过浸出试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和渗透试验对固化前后的铅污染土固化体进行浸出和力学特性变化特征对比分析,分别探讨了水泥和过磷酸钙添加量对固化土浸出和力学特性的影响规律。结果表明:水泥可显著改善铅污染土的强度和渗透特性,当水泥的添加量从5%增加到30%时,固化土的抗压强度从0.56 MPa增加到4.78 MPa;渗透系数从8.2×10-7cm/s减小到2.2×10-8cm/s。但水泥在固稳高浓度铅污染土效果较差,当水泥的添加量从5%增加到30%时,固化土的浸出浓度从56.3 mg/L减少到19.8 mg/L,固化土的浸出浓度远高于我国危险废弃物鉴别标准(GB/T 5085.3—2007)。过磷酸钙可显著降低污染土中铅的浸出特性,固化土的浸出浓度从43.5 mg/L减少到0.17mg/L;但过磷酸钙会降低固化土的力学性能。随着过磷酸钙添加量从1%增加到5%,固化土的抗压强度从1.17MPa降低到0.42 MPa;渗透系数从3.0×10-7cm/s增加到1.3×10-6cm/s。因此,在铅污染土实际工程中应根据实际的场地工况和修复目标,合理选择水泥和过磷酸钙的配比,保证修复后的铅污染土强度特性和浸出特性均满足修复标准。     

培地茅技术(VGT)在植生工程的应用

利用快速生长、深根丛生型禾本科植物——培地茅所建立的草篱（hedgerow）,在联合国所属世界银行推动下,近十余年来在全球热带及亚热带地区广泛应用于农地及工程设施的水土保持的经验累积之下,所发展出来的培地茅技术（Vetiver Grass Technology,VGT）具有施工容易,价格低廉与成效快速显著的优点。介绍培地茅植物的特性,并透过培地茅在全球应用的经验,说明培地茅技术在边坡稳固工程上的利用,包含水库边坡、集水区、灌排水设施及水路等设施以及洪泛区内构造体的保护等各类水土保持工程。并简介培地茅草篱施工的注意事项与要点。     

人工湿地污泥处理技术研究进展

人工湿地污泥处理技术是利用植物、污泥微生物和自然力对活性污泥法处理城市污水的剩余污泥进行脱水与稳定。该技术具有运行费用低、不需要添加化学药剂、终产物可以安全处置或农用等优点。文中介绍了人工湿地污泥处理技术的概念、工作原理、脱水和稳定效果、温室气体排放以及设计和运行中常见的问题。在人工湿地处理污泥过程中,污泥脱水是由植物蒸发蒸腾、污泥渗滤和矿化作用协同完成的;污泥中有机质和氮磷等物质的转化和去除受进泥性质、运行参数和气象条件等因素影响较大。湿地植物芦苇能够保持足够的渗透系数并通过蒸腾作用去除污泥中的毛细水,在污泥脱水和污泥稳定中发挥着显著作用。由于人工湿地技术处理污泥工程实践时间相对较短,运行时通常出现一些问题,常见问题包括芦苇的长势不良、湿地中的液态厌氧污泥含水率过高、最后的稳定期污泥含水率过低等,需要在实践中予以解决。     

半填半挖路基设计

半填半挖路基病害较多,在填方一侧又往往被设计者忽略,因此在路基稳定、沉降、排水及路面结构选择上应采取有效的措施。     

高对称性_d过渡金属配合物中的Jahn-Teller效应及其作用

本文从能量方面考察高对称性 d 过渡金属配合物中的 Jahn-Teller 效应;运用Jahn-Teller 效应稳定化能从理论上推测 Jahn-Teller 畸变的程度和畸变的几何性质;同时简要地讨论了 Jahn-Teller 效应对 d 过渡金属配合物的结构特性的作用。     

Analysis on Stable Reliability of Soft Ground Reinforced by Plastic Drainage Board

In this paper the stabilization of ground reinforced by plastic drain board is analyzed and calculated by reliability method. The reliable index is calculated by polyhedron error function, based on studying variability of the shearing strength of reinforced ground. The standard of ground stable index is proposed through some practical works.